Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in animals: From experimental studies to echocardiography-based clinical research.

The term "sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy" (SIC) is used to describe transient cardiac dysfunction in septic patients. However, there is no universally accepted definition of SIC; a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is often used. In addition to systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction is now recognized as an essential component of SIC. It can be emphasized that previous animal experiments played an essential role in revealing SIC and hemodynamic instability in sepsis and septic shock. The diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of echocardiography for the assessment of SIC have been extensively studied since its introduction into intensive care clinical practice. Recent studies in dogs, calves, and horses have shown that left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and circulatory dysfunction can occur in sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock in animals. Echocardiographic variables have also shown that indices of left and right ventricular dysfunction and circulatory failure are valuable indicators of mortality in septic animals.

Cardiomyopathie induite par la septicémie chez l'animal : des études expérimentales à la recherche clinique basée sur l'échocardiographie. Le terme « cardiomyopathie induite par la septicémie ¼ (SIC) est utilisé pour décrire un dysfonctionnement cardiaque transitoire chez les patients septiques. Cependant, il n'y a pas de définition universellement acceptée du SIC; une réduction de la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche (FEVG) est souvent utilisée. En plus de la dysfonction systolique, la dysfonction diastolique est maintenant reconnue comme une composante essentielle du SIC. On peut souligner que les expérimentations animales antérieures ont joué un rôle essentiel dans la révélation du SIC et de l'instabilité hémodynamique dans la septicémie et le choc septique. Les capacités diagnostiques et pronostiques de l'échocardiographie pour l'évaluation du SIC ont été largement étudiées depuis son introduction dans la pratique clinique des soins intensifs. Des études récentes sur des chiens, des veaux et des chevaux ont révélé qu'un dysfonctionnement systolique ventriculaire gauche et droit, un dysfonctionnement diastolique ventriculaire gauche et un dysfonctionnement circulatoire peuvent survenir dans la septicémie, la septicémie sévère et le choc septique chez les animaux. Les variables échocardiographiques ont également démontré que les indices de dysfonctionnement ventriculaire gauche et droit et d'insuffisance circulatoire sont des indicateurs précieux de la mortalité chez les animaux septiques.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Seasonal evaluation of skeletal muscle damage and hematological and biochemical parameters of Greco-Roman wrestlers from the Kyrgyzstan National Team before the 2016 Summer Olympic Games.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise activities affect blood cells. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seasonal evaluation of some hematological and biochemical parameters of the Olympic Greco-Roman wrestlers. METHODS: A total of three measurements were performed on wrestlers: immediately before the training period, three months and six months after the training session. Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed by taking sufficient blood samples from the athletes before and after exercise. RESULTS: The total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil values were found to be significantly higher (p< 0.05) in all three measures (beginning, 3rd and 6th months) in comparison with the values before exercise. When biochemical analyses were examined, blood glucose levels were significantly decreased after exercise in all three measures compared to before exercise. Post-exercise HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly increased (p< 0.05) while LDL cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: On all three measures fatigue exercise has significantly increased the total leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil values of wrestlers, while other, hematological parameters were not affected evenly. Fatigue exercise also significantly reduced blood glucose levels and LDL cholesterol concentrations, while HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased. The six-month period training did not have a significant effect on both hematologic and biochemical parameters in all three measurements.

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic function in neonatal calves with naturally occurring sepsis or septic shock due to diarrhea.

Sepsis is associated with clinically relevant cardiovascular changes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical value of echocardiography for monitoring left ventricular (LV) systolic function in septic calves. A prospective longitudinal study was performed using a convenience sample. Twenty septic calves and 10 healthy calves were enrolled in the study. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured and M-mode echocardiography performed to characterize LV systolic function; the latter included measurement of ejection fraction, EF; stroke volume, SVI and cardiac output indexed to body weight, CI; E-point of septal separation, EPSS; pre-ejection period, PEP; ejection time, LVET; ratio of PEP to LVET; velocity of circumferential shortening, Vcf, LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) on admission and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h later in septic calves and once in healthy calves. Admission data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and P < .05 was considered significant. Decreased preload and afterload were present in septic calves, as indicated by marked decreases in BP, LVEDVI, LVESVI, SVI, CI, EPSS when compared to healthy calves. Systolic function appeared adequate in septic calves, based on EF and FS compared to control calves. There was no difference in heart rate, LVET, PEP:LVET, or Vcf between septic and health calves. We conclude that circulatory dysfunction, rather than systolic dysfunction predominates in septic calves. Positive associations on admission between CI and LVEDVI, LVESVI, and SVI support this conclusion. Echocardiographic determination of LVEDVI and CI appears useful in directing treatment in septic calves.

Cardiac biomarkers in premature calves with respiratory distress syndrome.

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical relevance of cardiac biomarkers [troponin I and T, creatine kinase-MB fraction (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] in premature calves with respiratory distress syndrome. Seventy premature calves were admitted to the clinic within 24 h after birth. Respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in premature calves by clinical examination and venous blood gas analysis. Ten healthy calves, aged 5 days, were used as control. Cardiac troponin I and T were analysed using ELISA and ELFA, respectively. Serum CK-MB and LDH were also analysed in an automatic analyser. The calves had low venous pH, pO2, O2 saturation and high pCO2 values consistent with dyspnoea, hypoxaemia, and inadequate oxygen delivery. Mean serum troponin I, troponin T, CK-MB and LDH levels were increased in the premature calves compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results in this study demonstrated that serum CK-MB, troponin I and troponin T concentrations could be used for evaluating myocardial injury in premature calves with respiratory distress syndrome.

Comparison of the effects of intravenous administration of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on venous acid-base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion acidosis.

OBJECTIVE-To compare the effects of IV administration of isotonic (1.3%) and hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) solutions on acid-base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion (metabolic) acidosis. DESIGN-Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS-50 calves with diarrhea and severe dehydration. PROCEDURES-Calves were randomly assigned to receive isotonic NaHCO(3) solution (65 mL/kg [29.5 mL/lb], IV) over 3 hours (n = 30) or hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution (10 mL/kg [4.5 mL/lb], IV) over 20 minutes (20). Blood samples were collected at 0 hours (immediately prior to solution administration) and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours after administration began. Samples were submitted for blood gas analysis, serum biochemical analysis, and determination of blood Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) concentrations and percentage change in plasma volume. RESULTS-Calves that received isotonic NaHCO(3) solution had an increase in venous blood pH, HCO(3) concentration, and base excess; a small, transient increase in Po(2); and no change in Pco(2) within 4 hours after administration began. Calves that received hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution had an immediate increase in venous blood pH, HCO(3) concentration, and base excess; a small, transient increase Pco(2); and no change in Po(2) within 0.5 hours after treatment began. Plasma volume increased to a greater extent following administration of isotonic solution than after administration of hypertonic solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-IV administration of 8.4% NaHCO(3) solution in small volumes provided fast and effective improvement of severe acid-base abnormalities in calves with severe strong ion acidosis but did not improve hydration status as well as administration of a larger volume of isotonic NaHCO(3) solution.